{"id":3967,"date":"2023-09-14T14:31:27","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T14:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/techniques-and-equipment\/sample-preparation\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T12:52:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T12:52:18","slug":"sample-preparation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/sample-preparation\/","title":{"rendered":"Sample preparation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3967\" class=\"elementor elementor-3967 elementor-784\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e7be2cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e7be2cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70dff61\" data-id=\"70dff61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7deb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"d7deb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/home\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1267f4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1267f4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a14af36\" data-id=\"a14af36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2afb61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2afb61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea849c8\" data-id=\"ea849c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d24c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5d24c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preparing samples for TEM microscopy <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7a63e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7a63e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Before being observed with a transmission electron microscope, the samples must be prepared: they need to be thin enough for the electron beam to pass through. The preparation techniques <strong>depend not only on the sample nature and morphology<\/strong> (degree of hardness, biological samples, etc.), but also on the type of characterization required.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb237c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcb237c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Conventional methods involve <strong>thinning samples<\/strong> down to a few tens of nanometers. To achieve this, the PLASSMAT platform is equipped with several polishers, saws (diamond wire and disc), an inverted microscope (Olympus GX1), an <strong>ultramicrotome<\/strong> (Leica EM UC7), a <strong>cross section polisher<\/strong> (JEOL SM 09010) and a <strong>Precison Ion Polishing System<\/strong> (PIPS Gatan Model 691).<\/p><p> <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>JEOL IB19520 ion beam polisher<\/strong>: this device makes an essential contribution to scanning electron microscope observation when it comes to observing a sample from the edge. It can refine the surface to be observed so that it is flat and relief-free, even at high magnification, revealing details inaccessible with any other preparation method. It can operate on a wide variety of samples, thanks to its liquid nitrogen-cooled stage (materials sensitive to heating produced by ion bombardment) and its air-protected transfer system (air-sensitive materials such as those containing lithium). The sample holder system is compatible with direct transfer in <a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/sem-fib-microscopies\/\">both JEOL microscopes<\/a> (only in the IT 510 for air-protected transfer).   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1289798 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"1289798\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-310327a\" data-id=\"310327a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e791c7 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e791c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3533\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon.png 512w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-270x270.png 270w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-192x192.png 192w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5e6f8c elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5e6f8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our sample preparation instruments<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c5d8171 elementor-skin-carousel elementor-arrows-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-media-carousel\" data-id=\"6c5d8171\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_per_view&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;slides_per_view_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_per_view_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;skin&quot;:&quot;carousel&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;show_arrows&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"media-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Diapositives\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16341_DSF9644-e1702477609165.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6c5d8171\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Polisher and saws (diamond wire and disc)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzcyNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMlwvVW5pdi1uYW50ZXMxNjM0MV9EU0Y5NjQ0LWUxNzAyNDc3NjA5MTY1LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjNWQ4MTcxIn0%3D\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Polisher and saws (diamond wire and disc)\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16341_DSF9644-e1702477609165.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16332_DSF9628.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6c5d8171\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Cross section polisher: JEOL SM 09010\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzcyMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMlwvVW5pdi1uYW50ZXMxNjMzMl9EU0Y5NjI4LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjNWQ4MTcxIn0%3D\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Cross section polisher: JEOL SM 09010\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16332_DSF9628.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16336_DSF9634.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6c5d8171\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"PIPS Ionic Slimmer: Gatan Model 691\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzcyMywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMlwvVW5pdi1uYW50ZXMxNjMzNl9EU0Y5NjM0LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjNWQ4MTcxIn0%3D\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"PIPS Ionic Slimmer: Gatan Model 691\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16336_DSF9634.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16338_DSF9641.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6c5d8171\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Ultramicrotome: Leica EM UC7\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzcyNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMlwvVW5pdi1uYW50ZXMxNjMzOF9EU0Y5NjQxLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjNWQ4MTcxIn0%3D\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Ultramicrotome: Leica EM UC7\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16338_DSF9641.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16343_DSF9647.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"6c5d8171\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Olympus GX1 inverted microscope\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzcyNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIzXC8xMlwvVW5pdi1uYW50ZXMxNjM0M19EU0Y5NjQ3LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjZjNWQ4MTcxIn0%3D\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Olympus GX1 inverted microscope\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Univ-nantes16343_DSF9647.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"bisJEOL IB19520\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/bisJEOL-IB19520-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-carousel-image\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"terJEOL IB19520\" style=\"background-image: url(&#039;https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/terJEOL-IB19520-scaled.jpg&#039;)\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-26a3066\" data-id=\"26a3066\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e201bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e201bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c79f3cd elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"c79f3cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7d398f elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"e7d398f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/location\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-map-marker-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Lombardy Campus<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eafe622 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"eafe622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Contact and prices<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ad96b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3ad96b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To know the rates and have access to our MET sample preparation instruments, please contact us by email:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe8067a elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"fe8067a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"mailto:prepamet-plassmat@cnrs-imn.fr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">prepamet-plassmat@cnrs-imn.fr<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb14131 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb14131\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a252ee\" data-id=\"6a252ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-15162c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15162c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-36cf3b0\" data-id=\"36cf3b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-17841e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17841e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c41768\" data-id=\"4c41768\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e959a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e959a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Battery prototyping  <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d63d22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d63d22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Evaluating a component<\/strong> (current collector, electrode, electrolyte, separator) or a battery material (electroactive material, electronically conductive additive, polymer binder) requires integrating it into a small battery called a <strong>prototype<\/strong>.<\/p><p> <\/p><p>A prototype battery comprises two electrodes (positive and negative), each deposited on a current collector, a separator, an electrolyte, and the whole assembled in a rigid (button cell) or flexible (pocket cell) hermetic package.<\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Mastering the various stages in the manufacture of<\/strong> a battery prototype enables you to evaluate a battery component or material in the best possible way.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c8d0e4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"c8d0e4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-40a987c\" data-id=\"40a987c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-976e4a1 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"976e4a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3533\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon.png 512w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-270x270.png 270w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-192x192.png 192w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ed3c1a elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ed3c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our equipment for prototyping and measuring electrochemical battery performance<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5683fdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"5683fdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c24269d plateau-equip\" data-id=\"c24269d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ef558b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ef558b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Electrode manufacturing<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a675f0c elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"a675f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/thermal-analyses-zetametry-2\/zeiss-crossbeam-550l-fib\/\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6574072 plateau-equip\" data-id=\"6574072\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb850d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb850d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Button cell assembly<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5ce048 elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"a5ce048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/thermal-analyses-zetametry-2\/electrode-manufacturing\/\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ed9ddd plateau-equip\" data-id=\"1ed9ddd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe29a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fe29a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pocket cell assembly<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24f865f elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"24f865f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/thermal-analyses-zetametry-2\/electrode-manufacturing-2\/\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28412b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"28412b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0a1e53a plateau-equip\" data-id=\"0a1e53a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-367f4ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"367f4ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Electrochemical performance measurement<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf68c4 elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-circle elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"caf68c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/thermal-analyses-zetametry-2\/button-cell-assembly\/\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7b615a\" data-id=\"c7b615a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-656fb8d\" data-id=\"656fb8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efca0d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efca0d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Examples and applications<\/h3><p>The manufacture of battery prototypes with reproducible performance, representative of the components that make them up, requires <strong>mastery of electrode manufacturing quality<\/strong>. Our equipment enables the coating of homogeneous electrodes up to A4 size (coated surface 10 cm x 30 cm). <strong>Control<\/strong> observations <strong>by scanning electron microscopy<\/strong> can be carried out to ensure the correct distribution of electrode materials within the electrode.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f3ab8d\" data-id=\"8f3ab8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7cead6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a7cead6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea73bc2 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"ea73bc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInRight&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6f9183 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"d6f9183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/location\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-map-marker-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Lombardy Campus<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0717fee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0717fee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Contact and prices<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1311cd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1311cd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For prices and access to our battery prototyping equipment, please contact us by email :  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c504aa elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7c504aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"mailto:prepamet-plassmat@cnrs-imn.fr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">batteries-plassmat@cnrs-imn.fr<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e85b8f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e85b8f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Networks and collaborations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c757d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c757d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Collaboration with numerous industrial manufacturers of materials, components or batteries, and battery users<\/li><li>Collaboration with numerous national and international academic laboratories<\/li><li>Participation in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alistore.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ALISTORE<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.destiny-phd.eu\/\">DESTINY<\/a> networks, and in various <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pepr-batteries.fr\/\">PEPR battery<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pepr-recyclage.fr\/projet\/batteries\/\">PEPR recycling<\/a>, ANR and European projects.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae18574 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae18574\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b24e107\" data-id=\"b24e107\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9396da5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9396da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Electrodes-de-graphite_web.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"\u00c9lectrodes de graphite_web\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTE0NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI2XC8wM1wvRWxlY3Ryb2Rlcy1kZS1ncmFwaGl0ZV93ZWIucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Electrodes-de-graphite_web.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5146\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Electrodes-de-graphite_web.png 1500w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Electrodes-de-graphite_web-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Electrodes-de-graphite_web-1024x375.png 1024w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Electrodes-de-graphite_web-768x282.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Example of negative graphite electrodes<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e32287 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e32287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f0b16f\" data-id=\"4f0b16f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642073c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"642073c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cellules-poches_web.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Cellules poches_web\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTE0NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI2XC8wM1wvQ2VsbHVsZXMtcG9jaGVzX3dlYi5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1501\" height=\"1068\" src=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cellules-poches_web.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5147\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cellules-poches_web.png 1501w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cellules-poches_web-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cellules-poches_web-1024x729.png 1024w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Cellules-poches_web-768x546.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1501px) 100vw, 1501px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Pocket cells<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90b16f7\" data-id=\"90b16f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcd3ebe elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fcd3ebe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTE2MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BsYXNzbWF0LmNucnMtaW1uLmZyXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI2XC8wM1wvT2JzZXJ2YXRpb25fTUVCX2VsZWN0cm9kZV9uZWdhdGl2ZV9ncmFwaGl0ZS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2086\" height=\"1485\" src=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5163\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite.jpg 2086w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite-1536x1093.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Observation_MEB_electrode_negative_graphite-2048x1458.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2086px) 100vw, 2086px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">SEM observation of a graphite negative electrode<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Before being observed with electron microscopes, samples must be prepared and processed. The preparation techniques depend on the nature and morphology of the sample (degree of hardness, biological samples, etc.), the microscope being used and the type of characterization required.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3805,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3967","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sample preparation - PLASSMAT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/sample-preparation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sample preparation - PLASSMAT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Before being observed with electron microscopes, samples must be prepared and processed. The preparation techniques depend on the nature and morphology of the sample (degree of hardness, biological samples, etc.), the microscope being used and the type of characterization required.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/en\/techniques-and-equipment\/sample-preparation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PLASSMAT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-27T12:52:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cropped-favicon.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"512\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"512\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\\\/en\\\/techniques-and-equipment\\\/sample-preparation\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/plassmat.cnrs-imn.fr\\\/en\\\/techniques-and-equipment\\\/sample-preparation\\\/\",\"name\":\"Sample preparation - 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